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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">2.6、第一个单片机程序(C语言编写)</h1>
        

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        <p>忙活了半天，准备工作做了那么多，终于要编写我们的程序代码了。如果学过 C 语言的话，你应该很轻松的跟着我的编程自己写出来，如果没学过 C 语言也没关系，你先照着我的抄，我会在合适的位置写出来对 C 语言语法的解释，这样抄几次后再看看解释，就应该很明白了，抄的时候一定要认真，尤其标点符号不可以搞错。</p>
<p>第一个单片机程序：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#include &lt;reg52.h&gt;  //包含特殊功能寄存器定义的头文件</span><br><span class="line">sbit LED = P0^0;  //位地址声明，注意：sbit 必须小写、P 大写！</span><br><span class="line">void main()&#123;  //任何一个 C 程序都必须有且仅有一个 main 函数</span><br><span class="line">    LED = 0;  //分号表示一条语句结束</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>先从程序语法上来分析一下：<br>main 是主函数的函数名字，每一个 C 程序都必须有且仅有一个 main 函数。<br>void 是函数的返回值类型，本程序没有返回值，用 void 表示。<br>{}在这里是函数开始和结束的标志，不可省略。<br>每条 C 语言语句以;结束的。</p>
<p>逻辑上来看，程序这样写就可以了，但是在实际单片机应用中，存在一个问题。比如我们的程序空间可以容纳 100 行代码，但是我们实际上的程序只用了 50 行代码，当运行完了50 行，再继续运行时，第 51 行的程序不是我们想运行的程序，而是不确定的未知内容，一旦执行下去程序就会出错从而可能导致单片机自动复位，所以我们通常在程序中加入一个死循环，让程序停留在我们希望的这个状态下，不要乱运行，有以下两种写法可以参考：</p>
<p>参考程序一：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#include &lt;reg52.h&gt;</span><br><span class="line">sbit LED = P0^0;</span><br><span class="line">void main()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    while(1)&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        LED = 0;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>参考程序二：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#include &lt;reg52.h&gt;</span><br><span class="line">sbit LED = P0^0;</span><br><span class="line">void main()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    LED = 0;</span><br><span class="line">    while(1);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>程序一的功能是程序在反复不断的无限次执行 LED = 0;这条语句，而程序二的功能是执行一次，然后程序直接停留下来等待，相对程序一来说程序二更加简洁一些。针对于图 2-6，我们这个程序能够把小灯点亮，但是这个程序却点不亮我们板子上的小灯，这是为什么呢？</p>
<p>这里大家就要培养一个意识了，我们做单片机编程，实际上算是硬件底层驱动程序开发，这种程序的开发，是离不开电路图的，必须根据我们的电路图来进行程序的编写。如果我们设计电路板的电路图和图 2-6 一样的话，程序可以成功点亮小灯，但是如果不一样，就可能点不亮。</p>
<p>我们的开发板上，还有一个 74HC138 作为 8 个 LED 小灯的总开关，而 P0.0 仅仅是个分开关。如同我们家里总是有一个供电总闸，然后每个电灯又有一个专门的开关，我们刚才的程序仅仅打开了那个电灯的开关，但是没有打开那个总电闸，所以程序需要加上这部分代码。</p>
<p>因为这节课要介绍的内容比较多，所以我们把 74HC138 的原理以及为什么要加额外的代码在下节课统一介绍，这节课我们直接加上这部分代码，大家知道有这么一回事就可以了。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">#include &lt;reg52.h&gt;  //包含特殊功能寄存器定义的头文件</span><br><span class="line">sbit LED = P0^0;  //位地址声明，注意：sbit 必须小写、P 大写！</span><br><span class="line">sbit ADDR0 = P1^0;</span><br><span class="line">sbit ADDR1 = P1^1;</span><br><span class="line">sbit ADDR2 = P1^2;</span><br><span class="line">sbit ADDR3 = P1^3;</span><br><span class="line">sbit ENLED = P1^4;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">void main()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    ENLED = 0;</span><br><span class="line">    ADDR3 = 1;</span><br><span class="line">    ADDR2 = 1;</span><br><span class="line">    ADDR1 = 1;</span><br><span class="line">    ADDR0 = 0;</span><br><span class="line">    LED = 0;  //点亮小灯</span><br><span class="line">    while (1);  //程序停止在这里</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>写了这么多啰嗦的语句，刚开始大家可能觉得很麻烦，为什么有的书上程序很简单就可以点亮小灯，我们这里却这么麻烦呢。大家要了解一点，就是我们做这个学习板，虽然仅仅提供给大家简单学习使用，但是我们也得按照实际产品的开发模式去设计，所以综合考虑因素很多，大家学到后边就会明白它的设计价值了，这里大家只要跟着我们去做就可以了。</p>
<p>程序编好了，我们要对我们的程序进行编译，生成我们需要的可以下载到单片机里的文件，在编译之前，我们先要勾选一个选项，Project–&gt;Options for Target „Target1‟…，或者直接点图 2-17 中红框内的快捷图标：</p>
<p><img src="http://c.biancheng.net/cpp/uploads/allimg/140316/1-14031614422S45.png" alt></p>
<center><strong>图 2-17  工程选项图标</strong></center>

<p>在弹出的对话框中，点击 Output 选项页，勾选其中的“Create HEX File”复选框，然后点 OK，如图 2-18 所示。</p>
<p><img src="http://c.biancheng.net/cpp/uploads/allimg/140316/1-14031614433DV.png" alt></p>
<center><strong>图 2-18  创建 HEX 文件</strong></center>

<p>设置好以后呢，点击“Project–&gt;rebuild all target files”，或者鼠标点击图 2-19 中红框内的快捷图标，就可以对程序进行编译了。</p>
<p><img src="http://c.biancheng.net/cpp/uploads/allimg/140316/1-14031614445I24.png" alt></p>
<center><strong>图2-19  编译程序</strong></center>

<p>编译完成后，在我们的 Keil 下方的 Output 窗口会出现相应的提示，大家注意看图 2-20，这个窗口告诉我们编译完成后的情况，data=9.0，指的是我们的程序使用了单片机内部的 256字节 RAM 资源中的 9 个字节，code=29 的意思是使用了 8K 代码 Flash 资源中的 29 个字节。</p>
<p>当提示“0 Error(s), 0 warning(s)”表示我们的程序没有错误和警告，就会出现“creating hex file from “LED”…，意思是从当前工程生成了一个 HEX 文件，我们要下载到单片机上的就是这个HEX 文件。如果出现有错误和警告提示的话，就是 Error 和 warning 不是 0，那么我们就要对程序进行检查，找出问题，解决好了再进行编译产生 HEX 才可以。</p>
<p><img src="http://c.biancheng.net/cpp/uploads/allimg/140316/1-140316144619302.png" alt></p>
<center><strong>图2-20  编译输出信息</strong></center>

<p>到此为止，程序就编译好了，下边我们就要把编译好的程序文件下载到单片机里了。</p>

      
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